Sensate focus: Masters and Johnson (1970) Introduction: Sensate Focus is a psychosexual therapy technique developed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson in the 1970s to address sexual dysfunction in couples. The technique involves non-sexual touching exercises that are designed to help couples focus on physical sensations and enhance their communication around sexual needs and desires. This article reviews the Sensate Focus technique, its stages, and its effectiveness. Stages of Sensate Focus: Sensate Focus is a three-stage process that gradually introduces sexual touch as the couple progresses through each stage. The first stage involves non-genital touching, where couples touch each other's bodies in a non-sexual way, focusing on the sensations of touch and skin contact. The second stage involves genital touching, where couples explore each other's genital areas, again focusing on physical sensations rather than sexual performance. The final stage of the technique involves

Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Intergroup Hostility: A Structured Overview Introduction Prejudice, stereotypes, and intergroup hostility are interrelated concepts that can have a significant impact on social relationships and attitudes between different groups of people. This article will provide a structured overview of these concepts and examine how they are related. Prejudice Prejudice refers to an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual or group based on their membership in a particular social category, such as race, ethnicity, or religion. Prejudice can take many forms, including racism, sexism, homophobia, and xenophobia. It is important to note that prejudice is not the same as discrimination, which refers to the unequal treatment of individuals or groups based on prejudice. Stereotypes Stereotypes are oversimplified generalizations about individuals or groups that are made without considering each individual's unique qualities and characteristics. Stereotypes are of

Factors Associated with Risk of Repetition of Attempted Suicide Previous Attempt: Individuals who have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk of repeating the attempt. This is because past attempts may indicate a higher level of psychological distress and a greater likelihood of attempting suicide again in the future. Personality Disorder: People with personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder, are also at an increased risk of repeating attempted suicide. These disorders can cause significant emotional instability, impulsivity, and difficulty regulating emotions, which can contribute to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Criminal Record: Those with a criminal record are at a higher risk of repeating attempted suicide. This may be due to a history of substance abuse, impulsivity, and aggression, which can increase the risk of suicidal behavior. History of Violence: Individuals with a history of violence are also at an increased risk of repeating attempte

Best of Five MCQs for MRCPsych Paper 3 Palaniyappan, L. and Krishnadas, R. Published: 25 March 2010 Following the recent changes to the syllabus and MRCPsych exam by the Royal College of Psychiatrists, this book contains 450 multiple-choice questions to help psychiatry trainees to prepare for Paper 3 of the exam. Supporting these MCQs are detailed explanatory answers and revision notes referenced to the key textbooks used by trainees. The book's content matches the MRCPsych syllabus and includes practice papers for true exam preparation. Reference Type:  Book Record Number: 508 Author: Palaniyappan, L. and Krishnadas, R. Year: 2010 Title: Best of Five MCQs for MRCPsych Paper 3 Publisher: OUP Oxford Short Title: Best of Five MCQs for MRCPsych Paper 3 ISBN: 9780199553617

Escape and Avoidance Conditioning: Understanding and Applying the Concepts Introduction Escape and avoidance conditioning are two types of classical conditioning that are used to explain how animals and humans learn from their environment. These concepts have been studied for decades and have important applications in fields such as psychology, education, and animal training. Escape Conditioning Escape conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which an organism learns to avoid or escape from an unpleasant stimulus by performing a specific behavior. In other words, escape conditioning is the process of learning to remove oneself from an aversive situation. An example of escape conditioning can be seen in a dog that learns to jump over a fence to escape a painful shock. The dog associates the shock with the fence and learns to escape the aversive situation by jumping over the fence. As a result, the dog's behavior is shaped through reinforcement, as the escape behavior resu

Intergroup Behaviour Introduction Intergroup behaviour refers to how individuals or groups of people interact with and relate to one another based on their membership in different social categories such as race, ethnicity, gender, nationality, or religion. This field of study has long been of interest to social psychologists as intergroup behaviour has the potential to lead to both cooperation and conflict. Social Identity Theory One of the most well-known theories of intergroup behaviour is Social Identity Theory, which was first proposed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s. According to this theory, individuals derive a sense of self from their membership in social categories or "ingroups." Social identity theory suggests that individuals are motivated to enhance the positive image of their ingroups, leading them to act in ways that benefit their ingroups, while negatively evaluating "outgroups" that do not belong to their ingroup. This can result in inte

Object Constancy Object constancy is a principle of perceptual organization that refers to the ability of the brain to maintain a stable perception of an object, despite changes in its size, shape, orientation, or other aspects of its appearance. This ability allows us to recognize objects as the same, even when viewed from different angles or under different lighting conditions. Object constancy is important for navigating our environment and interacting with the world around us. For example, imagine looking at a familiar object, such as a chair, from different angles. Despite the changes in its appearance, you can still recognize it as a chair and understand its purpose. This is because your brain is able to maintain a stable perception of the object, based on its learned knowledge of what a chair typically looks like. Object constancy is a fundamental aspect of perception, and is essential for our ability to make sense of the world around us. It is also a key area of research in psy