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Tourette Syndrome

Tourette Syndrome Clinical features >> Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Multiple vocal and motor tics  Starting before the age of 18 and  Persisting for a duration of at least one year We have excluded other causes of tics. LOSE Learning difficulties  Overactivity  Social problems  Emotional disturbances Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines (13th Edition)  They recommend  alpha-2 agonists  such as Clonidine or Guanfacine as the first-line pharmacological treatment for Tics and Tourette Syndrome  American Family Physicians and Canadian Guidelines Antipsychotics possess a variety of serious adverse effects (Pringsheim et al., 2012) and even though the evidence base for them is strong, we use them in cases not responding to alpha-2 agonists. References Taylor, D. (2018). The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines.  Kenney, C., Kuo, S.-H., & Jimenez-Shahed, J. (2008). Tourette’s syndro

Cognitive Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis

Impairment of learning, abstraction, memory, and problem-solving occur in patients with multiple sclerosis. These impairments are present in 40% of patients with multiple sclerosis in the community. Sometimes, it is an early manifestation.  Mostly the impairments are seen later in the course. The impairments are mild and progress slowly.  Well-practiced verbal skills are often preserved.  Cognitive impairment correlates with total lesion load and degree of callosal atrophy on brain imaging.  LAMP L earning A bstraction M emory P roblem-solving