Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-report measure designed to screen depressive symptoms. It takes one to five minutes to complete and roughly the same amount of time for a clinician to review the responses. The PHQ-9 is available in multiple languages. Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B.W., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(18), 1737-1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., & Williams, J.B.W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., & Braehler, E. (2006). Validity of the brief patient health questionnaire mood scale (PHQ-9) in the general p

The Hopelessness Scale How to Access Pricing varies and can be purchased through Pearson Assessments. Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) The QIDS-SR measures the severity of depressive symptoms in adults 18 and older . There are 16 measures, selected from the Inventory of Depressive Symptomology (IDS, 2000). These symptoms correspond to the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV. Respondents use a 4-point Likert-type scale to assess their behaviors and mood over the course of the past week. It takes five to seven minutes to complete the report. Rush, A.J., Trivedi, M.H., Ibrahim, H.M., Carmody, T.J., Arnow, B., Klein, D.N., . . . Keller, M.B. (2003). The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5), 573-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01866-8 More Information The 16-Item Quick I

Beck Hopelessness Scale The Beck Hopelessness Scale is a self-report measure for adults aged 17 to 80. It assesses an individual’s negative expectations about the future. The measure includes 20 items to which participants respond with “true” or “false.” It takes five to 10 minutes to complete. Beck, A.T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(6), 861-865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0037562 Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. (1988). Manual for the Beck Hopelessness Scale. San Antonio: Psychological Corp. Neufeld, E., O'Rourke, N., & Donnelly, M. (2010). Enhanced measurement sensitivity of hopeless ideation among older adults at risk of self-harm: Reliability and validity of L-tiker-type responses to the Beck Hopelessness Scale. Aging & Mental Health, 14(6), 752-756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860903421052

Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) The Children’s Depression Inventory is a modification of the Beck Depression Inventory for adults. The CDI is now in its second edition. It assesses depression severity in children and adolescents 7 to 17 years old. Two scales measure emotional problems and functional problems. Three separate rater forms are available: one for parents (17 items), one for teachers (12 items) and a self-report (28 items). Administration time is between five and 15 minutes. Kovacs, M. (1981). Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica: International Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(5-6), 305-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t00788-000 Sun, S., & Wang, S. (2015). The children’s depression inventory in worldwide child development research: A reliability generalization study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2352-2363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0038-x More Information Children’s Depression Inve

Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) Designed to assess emotional disorders, personality constructs, and behavioral problems in individuals from 2 to 21 years old, the BASC assesses behavior from three perspectives: teacher, parent, and self (starting at age 8). The system includes five rating forms and three scales. Depending on the scale, it takes 20 to 30 minutes to administer. Merenda, P.F. (1996). BASC: Behavior Assessment System for Children. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 28(4), 229-232. Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (2015). Behavior assessment system for children (3rd ed.). Bloomington, Minnesota: Pearson Assessments. Merenda, P.F. (1996). BASC: Behavior Assessment System for Children. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 28(4), 229-232. Reynolds, C.R., & Kamphaus, R.W. (2015). Behavior assessment system for children (3rd ed.). Bloomington, Minnesota: Pearson Assessments. More Information Pearson Clinical: BAS

Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) The Child Behavior Profiles were designed for children and adolescents ages 6 to 18. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a standardized questionnaire administered to parents to obtain reports of their children’s social competence and behavioral problems. It takes parents five to 10 minutes to complete the questionnaire. Additional versions are available, including the Teacher’s Report Form and Youth Self-Report (from age 11). The CBCL has been translated into various languages. Achenbach, T.M. (1978). The child behavior profile: An empirically based system for assessing children’s behavioral problems and competencies. International Journal of Mental Health, 7(3-4), 24-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1978.11448806 Kariuki, S.M., Abubakar, A., Murray, E., Stein, A., & Newton, C.R.J.C. (2016). Evaluation of psychometric properties and factorial structure of the pre-school child behaviour checklist at the Kenyan Coast. Child and Adolescent Psychi

Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-RTM) The Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised (SPSI-RTM) is a self-report measure of social problem-solving strengths and weaknesses in individuals 13 years old and older. The revised version has both a long-form (52 questions) and a short-form (25 questions). It takes 10 to 20 minutes to complete. D'Zurilla, T.J., & Nezu, A.M. (1990). Development and preliminary evaluation of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2(2), 156-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.2.156 D'Zurilla, T.J., Nezu, A.M., & Maydeu-Olivares, A. (2002). Social problem-solving inventory — revised (SPSI-R). North Tonawanda, New York: Multi-Health Systems. More Information MHS Assessments: Social Problem-Solving Inventory How to Access Pricing varies and can be purchased through MHS Assessments. Children and Adolescents

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a widely used and well-established self-report questionnaire designed to assess the severity of depression. The BDI was developed by Dr Aaron T. Beck in 1961 and has since undergone several revisions, with the most recent version, the BDI-II, being published in 1996. The BDI is a 21-item questionnaire that measures a wide range of depression symptoms, such as sadness, hopelessness, guilt, and tiredness. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of depression. The BDI has been found to have high reliability and validity, and has been widely used in both clinical and research settings. One of the strengths of the BDI is its brevity. The questionnaire can be administered in just a few minutes and provides a quick and easy way to assess the severity of depression. The BDI has also been found to be useful in differentiating between different subtypes of depression, such as

EQ-5D The EQ-5D is a standardized, non-disease specific instrument for describing and evaluating health-related quality of life. The instrument measures quality of life in five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. It was introduced as a health-related quality of life measure by a group of European researchers, the EuroQol Group. Respondents can complete the questionnaire in under five minutes. There is a version for adults (age 16 and older) and the EQ-5D-Y for children/adolescents (8 to 15 years). The EQ-5D is available in a wide range of languages and is used worldwide.   The EuroQol Group (1990) EuroQol — A new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, 16(3), 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9 Brooks, R., & EuroQol Group (1996).EuroQol: The current state of play. Health Policy, 37(1), 53-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-6 Devlin, N.J., & Brooks, R. (2

Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) The 10-item Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) measures the severity of depression in individuals 18 years and older. Each item is rated on a 7-point scale. The scale is an adaptation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and has a greater sensitivity to change over time. The scale can be completed in 20 to 30 minutes.   Montgomery, S.A., & Åsberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale was designed to be sensitive to change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 382-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.134.4.382   Davidson, J., Turnbull, C.D., Strickland, R., Miller, R., & Graves, K. (1986). The Montgomery ‐ Åsberg Depression Scale: Reliability and validity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73(5), 544-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x More Information Science direct: Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale How to Access The MADRS (PDF, 185KB) is in the public domain and no permission is requir

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression abbreviated HDRS, HRSD or HAM-D, measures depression in individuals before, during and after treatment. The scale is administered by a health care professional and contains 21 items, but is scored based on the first 17 items, which are measured either on 5-point or 3-point scales. It takes 15 to 20 minutes to complete and score.   Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23, 56-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56   Trajković, G., Starčević, V., Latas, M., Leštarević, M., Ille, T., Bukumirić, Z., & Marinković, J. (2011). Reliability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: A meta-analysis over a period of 49 years. Psychiatry Research, 189(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007 More Information A Rating Scale for Depression (PDF, 1.3MB) How to Access The HAM-D (PDF, 22KB) is in the public domain and no permiss

Depression Assessment Instruments These instruments are relevant to the treatment of depression. Depression assessment instruments. Careful assessment is an important part of evidence-based practice. Initial assessments of depressive symptoms can help determine possible treatment options, and periodic assessments throughout care can guide treatment and gauge progress. Many of the instruments described below were used in the studies that served as the evidence base of the systematic reviews that undergird the guideline recommendations. These instruments include both interview and self-report measures and may be used to screen, diagnose and/or track treatment outcomes. Each instrument has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable, and most are available at no cost.   Clinicians are encouraged to review the evidence-based literature about these assessments, especially regarding their intended use and appropriate populations, in order to determine which tools are best suited for their pat

Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MADRS) One study was found that explored the measurement properties of the MADRS in general population adults. Evidence for internal consistency was indeterminate, with one available study rated as poor, as the uni ‐ dimensionality of the scale was not checked. Evidence for criterion validity was moderate, with evidence for high sensitivity/specificity (>.95) for clinical diagnosis of depression.

CESD ‐ R. The CESD was recently updated with the CESD ‐ R to better map onto DSM criteria, so we focused the search on the updated version, as this version will likely be used in future research and clinical practice. Only one study was found that explored the measurement properties of the CESD ‐ R in general population adults without comorbid conditions. Evidence in support of internal consistency was strong with one study rated as excellent methodological quality. Evidence in support of structural validity was strong with the study showing evidence for a single factor solution. Evidence in support of hypothesis testing was moderate, with the study showing acceptable correlations with other measures of similar constructs (r > .58).

DI ‐ II. I found four studies to assess a range of measurement properties of the BDI‐II in general population adults, without comorbid conditions. There was weak evidence in support of internal consistency—many studies did not calculate Cronbach's alpha for each subscale separately. However, all studies showed support for the internal consistency of the BDI‐II total score with acceptable alphas above (.7). There was weak evidence in support of test‐retest reliability with one fair study (as it was unclear how missing items were handled), with a high alpha (.89). There was strong evidence for content validity in one methodologically excellent study of the BDI‐II in a non-English speaking Kenyan sample. There was moderate evidence in support of structural validity from the two studies. Both studies showed fair evidence for a single factor solution. Evidence for hypothesis testing was moderate—the BDI‐II showed acceptable correlations with other depression measures (r > .57). There

ZDS Two studies were found that explored the measurement properties of the ZDS. There was strong evidence in support of structural validity with a 2‐factor solution. There was weak evidence in support of hypothesis testing, showing a significant correlation with other measures of similar constructs (r > .61).

General Note Caveats in rating the PANSS are commented on since it has been the standard scale amongst others. Double-blind studies have offered the most solid evidence, whereby independent raters assess the patients at baseline and typically the same raters follow the same patients throughout. If one wishes to maintain true blindness, every assessment can be performed by the different rater, which obviously poses two major problems—feasibility (to assure adequate number of raters) and reliability among raters.   Therefore, two possibilities in a typical study should be noted as confounding factors in quantification with the scales. First, the result of the baseline assessment will have a significant impact for later assessments. As for a rater effect at the very baseline, it is reported that a psychiatrist who saw a patient for the first time underrated the PANSS scores by 10%, compared with the ones obtained by the psychiatrist in charge who has known that patient very well.56 Second

The mini-mental state examination: MMSE52 (30 points from seven categories), while time-friendly, has not been widely utilized and might be somewhat rough to evaluate cognition in schizophrenia. This topic is extensively reviewed elsewhere (e.g., in the National Institute of Mental Health’s Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia: MATRICS53). The MATRICS battery consists of 10 tests that represent seven cognitive domains and the time for completion is estimated to be about 65 minutes. Other briefer scales include the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status: RBANS54 which is reported to take <30 minutes, and the brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: BACS55 which needs <35 minutes to evaluate. Important issues, apart from time burden, are whether stability (as an intermediate or endophenotype) versus changeability in cognition is to be assumed, and how a change in cognitive test scores translates into actual outc

Cognition Different studies have utilized different assessment measures.

Service Satisfaction Scale (SSS) (Bickman et al., 2010) . The SSS is a 5-item measure that assesses youth and caregiver satisfaction with treatment. Four items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from one (“No, definitely not”) to four (“Yes, definitely”). The last item is a free-response question, asking for other comments about the service the family received. In terms of cut-off scores, if the total score falls below 3.25 (for caregivers) or three (for youth), service satisfaction is considered low.