Psychosocial Issues Experienced in a Coronary Care Unit (CCU) Relating to the patient The suffering of others in the CCU Paraphernalia of tubes, machines, wires, etc Death of others. Possibility of having to witness a CPR etc. Relating to the Attendants Unsure of the progress Unaware of patients' perceptions and mental state. Watching a medley of news coming from inside for other attendants. Crying or wailing of other attendants. Doctors Dressed in white coats and scrubs walking about looking serious and pacing hurriedly creating a sense of emergency and danger.

Assessment and Management of Opioid Use Disorder, Withdrawal, and Intoxication Syndromes Neurobiology of Opioid Dependence and withdrawal Opioids act at specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Stimulation of these receptors suppresses the firing rate of noradrenergic neurons in the midbrain, thus causing CNS depression and reduction of anxiety. Euphoria is also because of the release of dopamine at nucleus coeruleus in the forebrain by dopaminergic neurons that originate in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. Opioid use causes reinforcement of the drug-taking behaviours because of these euphoric effects and the relief from anxiety. Repeated usage also causes neuroadaptive changes in these neurons, such that progressively less dopamine release in the nucleus coeruleus and less suppression of midbrain noradrenergic cells lead to reduced effects or increased doses being taken by the person (tolerance). When the person stops taking the drug, overexcited noradrenerg

Depressive Pseudodementia Introduction: Depressive pseudodementia is a condition that has been described as having cognitive impairment, memory loss, and other symptoms that mimic those of dementia, but are caused by depression instead of a degenerative brain disease. In this article, we will explore the current understanding of depressive pseudodementia, including its diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment. Diagnosis: Depressive pseudodementia is not a recognized diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is the standard diagnostic manual for mental health conditions. However, some experts believe that it is a useful concept for understanding the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment (1). To be diagnosed with depressive pseudodementia, a patient must have symptoms that resemble those of dementia, but the symptoms must be caused by depression rather than a degenerative brain disease (2). Symptoms: The symptoms of depressive pseu

  Mental Health ACT of 2001 Explanation The following is a plain-language summary of the Mental Health Act (Ordinance) (2001). We made it to help make learning easy.  If a patient is suffering from a mental disorder for which he needs inpatient assessment to prevent harm to the patient himself or others, but he is not willing to get admitted, section 10 can be used to admit(detain) him against his will (i.e. involuntarily). First, an application must be written (context from section 17, general provisions) by the nearest relative of the patient. A psychiatrist or medical officer can also write the application but, they must inform the nearest relative as soon as possible when they write the application. Anyone who writes the application must also specify the reasons for his eligibility to write the application. This application (Section 10à) must be based on the recommendations of two practitioners (one must be a1 psychiatrist, one medical officer). These two practitioners will write d

 Schizotypal Personality Disorder  Scenario During an informal gathering, a teacher at a medical school discusses with you a first-year student who has just moved away from his parents to a hostel. The teacher states that he behaves strangely and tries to avoid socialisation. He does not have any friends but passes his time with video games. He sometimes enjoys spiritual activities and shows interest in magic. When a colleague tried to make fun of him, he resented a lot and lodged a written complaint with the principal. The parents state he is like this since his former life and has always been "different" but a "good" child. His academic record varies from average to above average. What is the most likely diagnosis? What psychodynamic factors may have contributed? What are the risk factors for developing this disorder? Diagnosis  Schizotypal disorder/schizotypal personality disorder Risk factors This is more frequent among biological relatives of individuals with s