Impairment of learning, abstraction, memory, and problem-solving occur in patients with multiple sclerosis. These impairments are present in 40% of patients with multiple sclerosis in the community. Sometimes, it is an early manifestation.  Mostly the impairments are seen later in the course. The impairments are mild and progress slowly.  Well-practiced verbal skills are often preserved.  Cognitive impairment correlates with total lesion load and degree of callosal atrophy on brain imaging.  LAMP L earning A bstraction M emory P roblem-solving

DAILE D detached A aloof I introspective  L lacking enjoyment  E emotionally cold 

"P ardon DJ H ell, you are P roducing GAS that is AFFE Cting A ll the F earful TEDS, C o ST ing them M aDness"  P erceptual: D istorted perceptions, D eja Vu J amais Vu H allucinations  P sychomotor G rimacing and other body movements  A utomatisms S tereotyped behaviors A ffective F ear and anxiety E uphoric or ecstatic states A utonomic and visceral  F lushing T achycrdia  E pigastric aura D izziness Other bodily S ensations C ognitive S peech disturbances T hought disturbances M emory disturbances D epersonalization, d erealization 

MAID M indfulness   A nger control I nterpersonal skills Ways of tolerating D istress

MAC-D Mi ndfulness A phorisms  D ialectical ways of thinking C ognitive and behavioral techniques 

These abnormal beleifs of the people form the basis of psychiatric stigma:  DUFIT These people are Dangerous They are Unpredictable  They  Feel different from the rest of us They are Incurable Psychiatric patients can't be Talked to or related to

To clear the concept, these two are the major Differentiating points b/w Negative reinforcement and Punishment1) Negative reinforcement strengthen a response while punishment weaken/decreases a response. 2) Negative reinforcement involves removal of unpleasant stimulus while punishment is presentation of an unpleasant stimulus.

Patient has change in behavior. Would it be preferable to use CT with contrast or without contrast for assessment ?LikeShow more reactions Comments Sarmad Mushtaq Ct withcontrast  Immo Mani With contrast Valeed Ahmed Yess with contrast,,, inflammation and tumors etc can create change in behavior that can be better viewed by contrast enhanced CT, contrast agents can not enter the BB barrier except in arease of inflamation where the barrier is damages ir tumor where it is not formed,,,so the contrast enters there very well, making the area distinct due to more absroption of radiation

The main uses of small group psychotherapy are  To modify interpersonal problems To to encourage adjustment to the effects of physical or mental illness  As a form of supportive treatment 

There is no scientific evidence to cocnlude whether individual therapy is superior to group therapy or vice versa. However , clinical evidence suggests that group therapy is somewhat less effective that individual therapy.