To clear the concept, these two are the major Differentiating points b/w Negative reinforcement and Punishment1) Negative reinforcement strengthen a response while punishment weaken/decreases a response. 2) Negative reinforcement involves removal of unpleasant stimulus while punishment is presentation of an unpleasant stimulus.

Patient has change in behavior. Would it be preferable to use CT with contrast or without contrast for assessment ?LikeShow more reactions Comments Sarmad Mushtaq Ct withcontrast  Immo Mani With contrast Valeed Ahmed Yess with contrast,,, inflammation and tumors etc can create change in behavior that can be better viewed by contrast enhanced CT, contrast agents can not enter the BB barrier except in arease of inflamation where the barrier is damages ir tumor where it is not formed,,,so the contrast enters there very well, making the area distinct due to more absroption of radiation

The main uses of small group psychotherapy are  To modify interpersonal problems To to encourage adjustment to the effects of physical or mental illness  As a form of supportive treatment 

There is no scientific evidence to cocnlude whether individual therapy is superior to group therapy or vice versa. However , clinical evidence suggests that group therapy is somewhat less effective that individual therapy. 

According to richard lazarus, what kind of stressors are having most impact on health and well being ? Comments: Inam Ul Haque Masood; Are we talking about the Lazarus or Kanner. I believe that Lazarus theory was based on the Primary Appraisal leading to Positive , Dangerous and Indifferent Threats leading to Secondary Appraisals and stress in which the Dangerous Threats were perceived to produce the stress and in Kanner hypothesis Daily Hassles had the role. Need a little elaboration Correct Answer: The everyday hassles rather than the big events like earthquakes, floods,,,and other disasters

On social readjustment scale, the most stressful event is ? a) Death of spouse b) Death of child c) Death of parent d) Death of sibling e) Marriage  Comments: Isha Mughal: All Saqib Siddique: Death of a spouse have 100 points Nanny Marry: Death of spouse but mostly for women... Immo Mani: Although all events are stressful but I think number one is the right answer Ruby Malik: Death of child Kira Awan: I think it varies from situation to situation... in case of children... its death of parents..in case of couple... its death of spouse...in my case its marriage !!! Correct Answer: death of spouse is the right answer. T he scale talks about the overall situation not about individuals. Remember this scale is based on research from real people from general population like you and me. So overall people find the death of spouse to be most difficult life change to adjust to.

What are the components and principles of management of schizophrenia ?  Answer: MENOMONIC -> CONFIATE CBT , c ognitive remediation, c lozapine, c risis resolution teams. O utreach teams  N eeds assessment  F amily intervention I ntegrated treatment for comorbid substance abuse A ntipsychotics T herapeutic realtionship  E arly intervention 

Big PTSD Butyrphenonoes, benzisoxazole Phenothiazines Thioxanthenes Substituted benzamides Diabenzothiazepines, diabenzodiazepines

f LO xetine has the LO ngest half life among all SSRIs Hunting 4 CAGs . The gene for Hunting ton lies on chromosome 4p and codes for the protein hunting tin and mutations causes CAG repetitions (36+)  Ant O n syndrome occurs in O ccipital lobe syndrome  T-t W o. Areas with Water appear brighter on T2 weighted MRI images e.g. CSF, tumors, inflammation. Hypna Go gic hallucinations occur when you are GO ing to sleep.  Catale PSY is associated with the PSY chiatric disorder rather than narcole PSY which is unfortunately associated with cataplexy.  LEFT hippocampal damage causes VERBAL memory deficits, the SPEECH area (Broca's area) also lies on the LEFT usually.  So now, right hippocampal damage causes non verbal memory loss.  PRA der WILLI patients are WILLING to PREY for food. (Insatiable appetite leading to obesity).  Type I error or alpha error is what drug companies tend to commit. Drug does not work but they report it works. That is to reject the null hypo

According to the theory of psychosexual development, subjects develop the following traits with fixation at the oral stage of development:  Dependency Optimism Gullibility Sarcasm Hostility Aggression Pessimism, passivity MNEMONIC: DOG SHAPe