Treatment Outcome Expectations Scale (TOES)

(Bickman et al., 2010).

The TOES is an 8-item measure that assesses youth and caregiver expectations about the outcome of treatment. Each item is rated on a 3-point Likert scale ranging from one (“I do not expect this”) to three (“I do expect this”). If the total score is less than two (for youth) or 2.5 (for caregivers), the youth or caregiver is rated as having low treatment expectations.

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